Diabetes and endocrinology

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Research outputs from the Diabetes/Endocrine service department at the RD&E.

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    Narrative Review of Glycemic Management in People With Diabetes on Peritoneal Dialysis
    (Elsevier, 2023-04-01) Wijewickrama, P.; Williams, J.; Bain, S.; Dasgupta, I.; Chowdhury, T. A.; Wahba, M.; Frankel, A. H.; Lambie, M.; Karalliedde, J.
    There is an increasing number of people with diabetes on peritoneal dialysis (PD) worldwide. However, there is a lack of guidelines and clinical recommendations for managing glucose control in people with diabetes on PD. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the relevant literature and highlight key clinical considerations with practical aspects in the management of diabetes in people undergoing PD. A formal systematic review was not conducted because of the lack of sufficient and suitable clinical studies. A literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Central, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov., from 1980 through February 2022. The search was limited to publications in English. This narrative review and related guidance have been developed jointly by diabetologists and nephrologists, who reviewed all available current global evidence regarding the management of diabetes in people on PD.We focus on the importance of individualized care for people with diabetes on PD, the burden of hypoglycemia, glycemic variability in the context of PD and treatment choices for optimizing glucose control. In this review, we have summarized the clinical considerations to guide and inform clinicians providing care for people with diabetes on PD.
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    Natural history of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas: results from the UK non-functioning pituitary adenoma consortium
    (BioScientifica, 2023-07-01) Hamblin, R.; Fountas, A.; Lithgow, K.; Loughrey, P. B.; Bonanos, E.; Shinwari, S. K.; Mitchell, K.; Shah, S.; Grixti, L.; Matheou, M.; Isand, K.; McLaren, D. S.; Surya, A.; Ullah, H. Z.; Klaucane, K.; Jayasuriya, A.; Bhatti, S.; Mavilakandy, A.; Ahsan, M.; Mathew, S.; Hussein, Z.; Jansz, T.; Wunna, W.; MacFarlane, J.; Ayuk, J.; Abraham, P.; Drake, W. M.; Gurnell, M.; Brooke, A.; Baldeweg, S. E.; Sam, A. H.; Martin, N.; Higham, C.; Reddy, N.; Levy, M. J.; Ahluwalia, R.; Newell-Price, J.; Vamvakopoulos, J.; Krishnan, A.; Lansdown, A.; Murray, R. D.; Pal, A.; Bradley, K.; Mamoojee, Y.; Purewal, T.; Panicker, J.; Freel, E. M.; Hasan, F.; Kumar, M.; Jose, B.; Hunter, S. J.; Karavitaki, N.
    OBJECTIVE: The optimal approach to the surveillance of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas (micro-NFPAs) is not clearly established. Our aim was to generate evidence on the natural history of micro-NFPAs to support patient care. DESIGN: Multi-centre, retrospective, cohort study involving 23 endocrine departments (UK NFPA consortium). METHODS: Clinical, imaging, and hormonal data of micro-NFPA cases between January, 1, 2008 and December, 21, 2021 were analysed. RESULTS: Data for 459 patients were retrieved [median age at detection 44 years (IQR 31-57)-152 males/307 females]. Four hundred and nineteen patients had more than two magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) [median imaging monitoring 3.5 years (IQR 1.71-6.1)]. One case developed apoplexy. Cumulative probability of micro-NFPA growth was 7.8% (95% CI, 4.9%-8.1%) and 14.5% (95% CI, 10.2%-18.8%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively, and of reduction 14.1% (95% CI, 10.4%-17.8%) and 21.3% (95% CI, 16.4%-26.2%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Median tumour enlargement was 2 mm (IQR 1-3) and 49% of micro-NFPAs that grew became macroadenomas (nearly all >5 mm at detection). Eight (1.9%) patients received surgery (only one had visual compromise with surgery required >3 years after micro-NFPA detection). Sex, age, and size at baseline were not predictors of enlargement/reduction. At the time of detection, 7.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% patients had secondary hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and hypoadrenalism, respectively. Two (0.6%) developed hypopituitarism during follow-up (after progression to macroadenoma). CONCLUSIONS: Probability of micro-NFPA growth is low, and the development of new hypopituitarism is rare. Delaying the first follow-up MRI to 3 years and avoiding hormonal re-evaluation in the absence of tumour growth or clinical manifestations is a safe approach for micro-NFPA surveillance.
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    Bringing precision medicine to the management of pregnancy in women with glucokinase-MODY: a study of diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of non-invasive prenatal testing
    (Springer, 2023-08-01) Hughes, A. E.; Houghton, J. A. L.; Bunce, B.; Chakera, A. J.; Spyer, G.; Shepherd, M. H.; Flanagan, S. E.; Hattersley, A. T.
    AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In pregnancies where the mother has glucokinase-MODY (GCK-MODY), fetal growth is determined by fetal genotype. When the fetus inherits a maternal pathogenic GCK variant, normal fetal growth is anticipated, and insulin treatment of maternal hyperglycaemia is not recommended. At present, fetal genotype is estimated from measurement of fetal abdominal circumference on ultrasound. Non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal GCK genotype (NIPT-GCK) using cell-free DNA in maternal blood has recently been developed. We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of NIPT-GCK with that of ultrasound, and determine the feasibility of using NIPT-GCK to guide pregnancy management. METHODS: We studied an international cohort of pregnant women with hyperglycaemia due to GCK-MODY. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of NIPT-GCK with that of measurement of fetal abdominal circumference at 28 weeks' gestation (n=38) using a directly genotyped offspring sample as the reference standard. In a feasibility study, we assessed the time to result given to clinicians in 43 consecutive pregnancies affected by GCK-MODY between July 2019 and September 2021. RESULTS: In terms of diagnostic accuracy, NIPT-GCK was more sensitive and specific than ultrasound in predicting fetal genotype (sensitivity 100% and specificity 96% for NIPT-GCK vs sensitivity 53% and specificity 61% for fetal abdominal circumference 75th percentile). In terms of feasibility, a valid NIPT-GCK fetal genotype (≥95% probability) was reported in all 38 pregnancies with an amenable variant and repeated samples when needed. The median time to report was 5 weeks (IQR 3-8 weeks). For the 25 samples received before 20 weeks' gestation, results were reported at a median gestational age of 20 weeks (IQR 18-24), with 23/25 (92%) reported before 28 weeks. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal genotype in GCK-MODY pregnancies is highly accurate and is capable of providing a result before the last trimester for most patients. This means that non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal genotype is the optimal approach to management of GCK-MODY pregnancies.